Ways To Manage Parkinson Disease
basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei deep to the white matter of cerebral cortex. The name includes: caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and historically the claustrum and the amygdala. However, the claustrum and the amygdala do not really deal with movement, nor are they interconnected with the rest of the basal ganglia, so they have been dropped from this section. Other groupings you may hear are the striatum (caudate + putamen + nucleus accumbens), the corpus striatum (striatum + globus pallidus), or the lenticular nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus),
Basal Ganglia functions and connections:
The relationships between the nuclei of the basal ganglia are by no means completely understood. When dealing with the brain, you may sometimes be tempted to think that everything is connected to everything else. Take heart, some fairly simple generalizations and schematics can be drawn.
The caudate and putamen receive most of the input from cerebral cortex;
in this sense they are the doorway into the basal
ganglia. There are some regional differences: for example,
medial caudate and nucleus accumbens receive their input from frontal
cortex and limbic areas, and are implicated more in thinking and schizophrenia
than in moving and motion disorders. The caudate and putamen are reciprocally
interconnected with the substantia nigra, but send most of their output
to the globus pallidus
The substantia nigra can be divided into two parts: the substantia nigra
pars compacta (SNpc) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr).
The SNpc receives input from the caudate and putamen, and sends information
right back. The SNpr also receives input from the caudate and putamen,
but sends it outside the basal ganglia
to control head and eye movements. The SNpc is the more famous of the
two, as it produces dopamine, which is critical for normal movement. The
SNpc degenerates in Parkinson disease,
but the condition can be treated by giving oral dopamine precursors.
The globus pallidus can also be divided into two parts: the globus
pallidus externa (GPe) and the globus pallidus
interna (GPi). Both receive input from the caudate and putamen, and both
are in communication with the subthalamic nucleus. It is the GPi, however,
that sends the major inhibitory output from the basal
ganglia back to thalamus. The GPi also sends a few projections
to an area of midbrain (the PPPA), presumably to assist in postural control.
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For more details contact Dr.Alok Gupta at
guptaa@ndf.vsnl.net.in ,guptaa@parkinsonindia.org
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